Treatment of Domestic Wastewater Using Bio-Enzymes: A Review

The rising demand for efficient wastewater management has led to the exploration of sustainable treatment methods. Water scarcity has emerged as one of the mosts pressing global challenges due to rapid population growth, urbanization, and industrialization. Domestic wastewater, a significant byproduct of human activity, Domestic wastewater contains a complex mix of organic pollutants, nutrients, and pathogens that require effective treatment to prevent environmental degradation. If untreated, these pollutants pose serious threat to public health and the environment. While conventional methods such as activated sludge systems and chemical coagulation are widely used, they have limitations, including high operational costs, energy consumption, and secondary pollution. Bio-enzymes, derived from microbial and natural sources and organic waste, represent an innovative and sustainable solution and have emerged as a promising alternative due to their ability to catalyse biochemical reactions, breaking down pollutants in an eco-friendly manner. This review examines existing literature on bio-enzyme applications in domestic wastewater treatment, analysing their mechanisms, benefits, and challenges, as well as potential innovations in the field.